The Asian Journal of Education and Human Development (AJEHD)

The Impostor Phenomenon and Achievement Motivation Among Emerging Filipino Adults: The Moderating Role of Personality

Yvette Anne P. Camantiles — 2025-12-31

The impostor phenomenon (IP) has traditionally been understood as a trait or experience common among accomplished individuals, with most studies focusing on Western populations. This research broadens the discourse by examining IP among Emerging Filipino Adults (EFAs) aged 18 to 25, a relatively underexplored group navigating the transition into adulthood. Specifically, the study investigates the prevalence of impostor experiences in this demographic, their relationship to achievement motivation, and the moderating role of personality traits. Examined through standardized measures on impostor experiences, motivation, and personality, data from a large sample of EFAs revealed that impostor feelings are frequent in this group. Results show that impostor experiences are closely tied to achievement-related tasks, particularly those driven by fear of failure rather than hope for success. Furthermore, the personality trait of neuroticism intensifies the link between impostor experiences and motivation, highlighting how dispositional factors interact with contextual pressures to shape these experiences. These findings suggest that impostor feelings are not merely the byproduct of significant accomplishments but can emerge early in adulthood, sustained by both internal traits and external achievement demands. The study underscores the need to view the impostor phenomenon as both dispositional and contextual, opening new directions for interventions, institutional practices, and further research on non-Western populations.

Work Stressors, Coping Strategies, and Job Satisfaction among Houseparents in Residential Care Facilities

Ysha Rae P. Lugtu — 2025-12-31

Houseparents care for clients in residential care facilities, with their primary functions encompassing supervision, facilitation, mediation, and collaboration. As such, the nature of their work exposes them to a myriad of stressors. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between work stressors (time stress and job anxiety) and coping strategies (approach and avoidance coping) with houseparents' job satisfaction. A quantitative research design was employed, with data gathered from 209 houseparents employed in residential care facilities under the Department of Social Welfare and Development. The Job Stress Scale, Brief COPE, and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were used as research instruments. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed. Findings indicate that houseparents in residential care facilities are generally satisfied with their job and tend to apply approach coping strategies more frequently than avoidance coping strategies. No significant relationship was found between time stress and job satisfaction, and between avoidance coping and job satisfaction. A very weak negative relationship exists between job anxiety and job satisfaction, as well as between approach coping and job satisfaction. These results suggest that factors other than work stressors and coping strategies may affect job satisfaction. Given the limited studies on houseparents in the Philippines, this study provides a glimpse into the work situation of houseparents and offers valuable recommendations for the development of supportive interventions and policies relevant to their work.

Laki sa Lolo, Laki sa Lola: Perspectives of Filipino Young Adults on Aging

Dianne Christine Bautista — 2025-12-31

Grandparents serve as powerful influences on younger generations. They play a crucial role in shaping their reared grandchildren's development, specifically their perception of aging. Hence, ageism is a prevalent issue in the country. This study explores the lived experience of being raised by grandparents who shape the perspectives of aging in San Pablo, Laguna. Ten young adults aged 19-25 participated in the study through semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that, despite societal negative views, children raised by grandparents develop a positive perception. They were equipped to have a comprehensive description of aging as a learning process and a means of life improvement. Notably, a favorable view of the grandparental role is based on their lived experiences with their grandparents. This study seeks to contribute to lifespan development research and redefine aging through kinship care, mitigating ageism to prevent threats to younger generations.

School-Related Deviant Behaviors in a Higher Education Institution: A Descriptive-Correlational and Comparative Study

Jossalfeigh T. Cortez — 2025-12-31

Higher education institutions have a growing problem with deviant behavior that not only interrupts but also hurts students’ mental and emotional health and violates school regulations. This research focused on different forms and reasons for deviant behavior in the university context. To investigate the perceived reasons for school deviance in a higher education institution in Abra, a descriptive-correlational and comparative study focusing on factors related to the individual, family, school, and society was used. The study employed statistical methods for a records review of the types and frequencies of deviance recorded from 2021 to 2024, along with questionnaires, which revealed the perceived causes of deviant behaviors. The connection between demographic characteristics and the perceptions of deviance among 233 students, 24 administrators, and 20 core faculty members was also examined. The "No Helmet, No Entry" policy infractions were the most frequently observed deviant behavior. The year level, program, and mother’s educational attainment are the most significant predictors of school deviance. The respondents’ views on the reasons for deviance were largely the same. The school security force may implement a safety awareness campaign to maintain compliance with the no-helmet policy. Teachers should foster an atmosphere of inclusivity and respect, while the Student Affairs Office could organize media literacy workshops as part of its activities. Peer mentoring and orientation programs can be beneficial for new students, and readily accessible mental health services can help meet their emotional needs. The use of qualitative methods is strongly recommended for future researchers who seek deeper insights. For maximum impact, these efforts should be planned and executed efficiently.

Romantic Relationship Stages among Homosexual Emerging Adults

Hannah Pauline B. Alcanciado — 2025-12-31

Romantic relationship models have traditionally been developed from heterosexual samples, limiting their applicability to sexual minority couples, particularly within culturally conservative contexts. Guided by this gap, the present study explored the stages of romantic relationships among homosexual emerging adult couples. Using a transcendental phenomenological design, ten participants in homosexual relationships were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Guided by Moustakas’s (1994) framework, interviews were analyzed to identify essential themes and subthemes. Three stages of relationships emerged: (1) introduction stage, including meeting and decision-making as processes, (2) intimacy stage, encompassing the processes of commitment, challenges, and conflict resolution, and (3) planning for the future stage, involving the processes of union, adoption, and independent living. The findings extend existing relationship theories by demonstrating that while core relational processes remain present, homosexual couples experience unique developmental trajectories influenced by sociocultural constraints and minority stress. Recommendations include seminars by LGBTQIA+ organizations on coping strategies, gender-sensitivity training by government institutions, and information, education, and communication (IEC) materials on relationship development, based on the study's results, to guide the design of support for understanding, reflection, and relationship education for emerging LGBTQ+ adults. Future research should involve larger, more diverse samples and examine the effects of stress and specific gender identities on homosexual relationships.

Social Competence and Academic Self-Efficacy of CAS Students: The Role of Leadership Involvement as a Basis for an Intervention Program

Eriquessen Jorja R. Segura — 2025-12-31

The future societal functioning of every individual makes fostered social competence crucial, defining and emotionally determining success in social and society-related activities. Building self-efficacy in learning fosters confidence, flexibility, and leadership qualities, empowering every individual to succeed in academics and the real world. This descriptive correlational research examined the social self-efficacy and competence of 313 students in the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) at the University of Northern Philippines. They were selected through stratified proportionate random sampling, and the sample size was determined using the formula by Lynch et al. (1972). The findings show that overall, the respondents have a high level of social competence and an average level of academic self-efficacy. Students with leadership involvement have a significantly higher level of academic self-efficacy and social competence than non-leaders. Also, it was revealed that there is a significant positive relationship among leadership involvement, social competence, and academic self-efficacy. This implies that increased leadership involvement is associated with students’ social competence. Consequently, Project L.E.A.D.: Leveraging Exposure for Advancement and Development among CAS Students, an intervention program derived from the findings and designed to increase student engagement in leadership-related activities and improve levels of self-efficacy and social competence, is proposed.

Game-Based Versus Drill-Based Conditioning Activities and Their Effects on Selected Physical Fitness Components of First-Year College Students

Noel L. Dao-ayan — 2025-12-31

Physical fitness plays a vital role in shaping students’ overall growth—it strengthens the body, builds confidence and resilience, encourages positive social interaction, and nurtures a lifelong appreciation for health and well-being. This study investigated the comparative effects of game-based and drill-based activities on the physical fitness of first-year students at the Abra State Institute of Science and Technology, Main Campus, during the second semester of S.Y. 2023–2024. A quasi-experimental two-group pretest–posttest design was employed involving 37 students: 15 from the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) and 22 from the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED). Physical fitness was measured using the Revised Physical Fitness Test and cardiovascular endurance norms, focusing on endurance, strength, speed, agility, and flexibility. Results showed that game-based activities significantly improved agility and flexibility among female BEED students but had minimal impact on cardiovascular endurance and sit-and-reach flexibility. Drill-based activities, meanwhile, enhanced cardiovascular endurance, speed, agility, and left-side flexibility among female BSED students, while male participants showed gains primarily in flexibility. Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences between groups after intervention, except for agility, which improved more in the game-based group, and sit-and-reach flexibility, which was greater in the drill-based group. Both approaches produced statistically significant improvements in selected components of physical fitness, although some components remained within the same descriptive fitness category. Game-based activities appear more effective in developing agility, whereas drill-based activities provide greater benefits in flexibility and cardiovascular endurance. Integrating both strategies in physical education programs, coupled with longer intervention periods and balanced participant representation, is recommended to maximize student fitness outcomes. This study contributes empirical evidence on how different instructional approaches in PathFit influence specific physical fitness components, providing guidance for balanced and responsive physical education programming in higher education.

Leadership Style of Nurse Managers and Retention of Staff Nurses in Region 1, Philippines

Gerly Mark R. Redoble — 2025-12-31

The Philippines continues to face challenges in retaining its nursing workforce, particularly in Region I, where turnover remains high across public and private hospitals. This study examined the relationship between nurse managers’ leadership styles and staff nurse retention using a quantitative descriptive design. A total of 976 staff nurses from Level 2 and Level 3 hospitals participated through a total population sampling approach. Data were collected within the specified study period (December 2024) and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, Spearman’s Rho correlation, and appropriate post hoc procedures. Findings showed that transformational and transactional leadership were generally perceived positively, while passive-avoidant leadership was least favored. Retention factors emphasized the importance of mentorship, role clarity, recognition, and scheduling practices. Although leadership styles and retention did not show statistically significant correlations, mentorship exhibited significant differences by educational attainment and assignment area, suggesting its variable influence across contexts. Based on these insights, the CARES Model—Collaborative Mentorship, Acknowledgment and Recognition, Responsive Leadership Development, Equity in Support, and Systematic Evaluation and Feedback—was developed to offer a practical framework that strengthens nurse support systems beyond compensation alone. The study highlights that sustaining the nursing workforce requires leadership approaches that promote trust, professional growth, and a sense of value among nurses in Region I.

Implementation of Police Community Relation in an Upland Municipality of Ilocos Sur

Rowena Banza-Gagno — 2025-12-31

Although the implementation of policy-community relations in Banayoyo, Ilocos Sur indicating a gap between the perceived level of implementation and the lived experiences of community stakeholders, the presence of several remaining challenges, including low community trust, perceived bias in enforcing the law, inattentiveness at duty, and community involvement, reveal that implementation and perceptions of policing strategies are still not aligned, which means that more needs to be done to rectify and reinforce community-oriented policing policies. This study provides localized evidence on police–community relations in a rural upland municipality, highlighting perception gaps that may inform more inclusive and trust-centered policing strategies. Further, it examined the implementation of police-community relations (PCR) in the upland municipality of Banayoyo, Ilocos Sur, focusing on the application of community-oriented policing (COP) strategies to enhance peace, order, and public safety. The scope of the study covered the extent of PCR implementation across patrol activities, organizational work, community interaction, crime prevention, community trust, traffic response, and information sharing. It was delimited to the perceptions of three groups of respondents, law enforcement officers, barangay council members, and households within the municipality, using a descriptive-comparative research design and a validated, structured questionnaire. Findings revealed a very high level of implementation of police-community relations across all indicators, particularly in patrol activities and crime prevention, reflecting the commitment of law enforcement officers in maintaining peace and order. However, results also showed a significant difference in perceptions among the respondent groups, with law enforcement officers rating the implementation higher than the barangay councils and households, who shared a similar level of perception. Despite the positive outcomes, several issues were identified, including a lack of trust between the police and the community, perceived bias in law enforcement, inattentiveness while on duty, and inadequate community engagement. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting a comprehensive action plan to strengthen police-community partnerships. Regular seminars and training on police-community affairs, leadership, and ethical conduct are proposed, alongside consistent LGU-community dialogues and enhanced enforcement strategies to promote transparency, trust, and collaboration

The Relationship Between Physical Mobility and Anxiety Among Rural Older Adults in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur

Angelika B. Unida — 2025-12-31

The growing aging population in low- and middle-income countries, including the Philippines, raises important concerns about the physical and mental well-being of older adults, which aligns with Sustainable Development Goal Three on health and well-being across the life course. This study examined the relationship between physical mobility and anxiety symptoms, including somatic, cognitive, and affective dimensions, among community-dwelling older adults in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design, older adults residing in the community were surveyed using validated Ilocano-translated instruments, namely a demographic questionnaire, the Elderly Mobility Scale, and the revised Geriatric Anxiety Scale. Descriptive and correlational statistical analyses were employed. Results indicated that participants were predominantly female, married, and reported hypertension as a common health condition. Overall physical mobility reflected functional independence, although difficulties persisted in tasks requiring reaching and transferring. Anxiety symptoms across somatic, cognitive, and affective domains were generally mild. Findings revealed significant inverse relationships between physical mobility and anxiety symptoms across all domains, indicating that lower mobility levels were associated with higher anxiety manifestations. Demographic characteristics also showed meaningful associations with mobility, with advancing age and poorer self-reported health negatively related, while higher educational attainment and income were positively associated. These findings highlight the close linkage between physical mobility and anxiety among rural older adults and emphasize the need for integrated physical and mental health screening in community-based geriatric programs. Implementing active-aging initiatives that combine mobility assessment and anxiety screening in primary care and barangay health settings may enhance holistic geriatric well-being. Strengthening collaboration among health institutions, local governments, and academic partners, alongside future longitudinal and qualitative studies, can support more responsive and context-sensitive strategies for healthy aging in underserved communities.

The Emblem of Life: An Interpretative Phenomenological Study of BFP-EMS in Responding to Motor Vehicular Accidents

Stephany M. Gajasa — 2025-12-31

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) - Emergency Medical Services is primarily responsible for providing emergency care that aligns with its core functions. With this, the study explored the lived experiences of BFP–EMS personnel in responding to motor vehicular accidents in selected municipalities of Ilocos Sur. It aimed to provide a broader understanding of their experiences, feelings, and challenges, ultimately to make meaning from these experiences. Eight BFP–EMS personnel participated in the study, all of whom were selected based on their experience in rescue operations and their ability to articulate their insights. Using a qualitative design grounded in Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the study aimed to describe, comprehend, and interpret the essence of their lived experiences. Data were gathered through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically until data saturation was reached. Findings showed two main themes. Initially, it included the different (1) Qualities of Firefighters, portraying how these attributes are upheld in the provision of care to patients. On the other hand, the other main theme (2) Unveiled Realities, provided a personal lens on the different challenges they faced in the provision of care. In summary, the study provided empirical grounded accounts of BFP-EMS reflected from their lived realities. These data demonstrate how BFP-EMS personnel embody the qualities of responders and firefighters while highlighting the various barriers they face. Thus, this study provides a context-specific basis for improving processes and ensuring responders' health.

A Journey to The Summit: A Qualitative Narrative Study of Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination Passers

Melvin C. Collo — 2025-12-31

Listening to and understanding the unspoken thoughts and lived experiences of aspiring nurses provides meaningful insight into their journey through the Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination (PNLE). This study explored the perceived struggles and motivational aspects of PNLE passers using a descriptive qualitative design. Open-ended, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face and online with 10 participants selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed following the six-phase thematic analysis process. Three major themes and nine categories emerged from participants' narratives. (1) Internal struggles – encompassing fears, doubt, frustration; (2) Added burdens – including home adjustment, financial problems, and susceptibility to illness; and (3) Propelling factors – such as superstition, social, and spiritual influences. Participants perceived these experiences as shaping how they coped with the academic, emotional, and contextual demands of the licensure examination. Each examinee’s journey was described as unique, marked by personal challenges that tested resilience, perseverance, and determination. For the participants, passing the PNLE symbolized not only the fulfillment of a professional requirement but also the perceived overcoming of adversity and affirmation of inner strength. The findings highlight the value of supportive learning environments and collaborative engagement between educators and students through continuous evaluation and guidance. Promoting adaptive coping strategies and personal well-being—such as adequate rest, balanced nutrition, physical activity, and stress management—may support examinees’ emotional balance and preparedness. Future qualitative research is recommended to explore additional contextual and personal factors influencing PNLE experiences to inform holistic, practice-informed support for nursing graduates.

Students’ Learning Difficulties in the Course Barayti at Baryasyon ng Wikang Filipino: Basis for Instructional Module Development

Niña Paulette F. Agsaullo — 2025-12-31

Students’ learning difficulties in a course are essential for teachers, as they guide the achievement of instructional goals. This study generally aims to develop a module for the course “Barayti at Baryasyon ng Wikang Filipino” based on the difficulty of the course for third-year Bachelor of Secondary Education students majoring in Filipino at the University of Northern Philippines and the University of Abra. A descriptive-developmental method was used in analyzing the data. The mean was used to indicate the degree of difficulty for each course-related item, which served as the basis for the development of the module. The results of the survey revealed that the students found no difficulty in the topics along Unit I – Ang Wikang Filipino and Unit II – Barayti at Baryasyon ng Wika. On the other hand, the students reported difficulty with Unit III – Mga Teorya ukol sa Barayti at Baryasyon due to unfamiliar concepts and a lack of prior exposure. Furthermore, the study results served as the basis for developing the module, which has not yet been validated. The module includes various activities that serve as supplemental materials for teaching and learning. The 4Cs of 21st Century Skills—Communication, Critical Thinking, Creativity, and Collaboration—served as the foundation for designing the activities in the module. The researchers recommend conducting further, more in-depth studies of students’ perceptions to develop instructional materials for both teachers and learners. Most importantly, it is also recommended to undertake a broader evaluation of the developed module toward the subject Barayti at Baryasyon ng Wika.

Perceived Effects of Modular Learning on Junior High School Teachers’ Attitudes and Teaching Performance

Stephanie May V. Obrero — 2025-12-31

Modular learning is the most common approach adopted by the Department of Education. This study aimed to assess the perceived effects of modular learning on the attitudes and teaching performance of Junior High School teachers. It employed a quantitative descriptive correlational design. The research involved a total enumeration of Junior High School teachers at Ilocos Sur National High School during the SY 2021-2022. It examined the relationship between the perceived effects of modular learning and respondents’ profiles, including age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly salary, years in teaching, training attended, number of preparations, area of specialization, and other school assignments. The findings indicated that most respondents were middle-aged, female-dominated, married, had a Bachelor’s degree with Master’s units, and had a monthly salary ranging from ₱29,798 to ₱32,069. Teachers perceived that modular learning had a positive impact on their attitudes, implying high positivity and acceptance. Similarly, the perceived effect on teaching performance received a high overall mean rating, suggesting that respondents believed it enhanced their teaching efficiency. Significant relationships were identified between perceived effects on teachers’ attitudes and age, civil status, monthly salary, years in service, area of specialization, and other school assignments. The perceived effects on teaching performance were associated with civil status and the number of training/seminars attended. The primary problems encountered were ineffective communication, insufficient resources, incomplete answer sheets, and difficulty validating students' performance, which can cause them to be stressed, burnt out, and even frustrated. Based on the findings, the school administration may work with the teachers to address their issues and concerns as they transition to the new normal teaching practices.

Employment Outcomes of Doctor of Education Graduates in a University in Ilocandia

Corazon G. Pardo — 2025-12-31

Pursuing postgraduate education can provide better professional development opportunities. This study described the employment outcomes of the 72 Doctor of Education (EdD) graduates in a University in Ilocandia. It employed the descriptive-survey method utilizing an adapted survey questionnaire, and the data were analyzed through frequency counts, percentages, and means. Ethical protocols were strictly observed. The study revealed that all EdD graduates were permanently and gainfully employed, mostly in public basic and higher education institutions both within and outside the Ilocos Region. They claimed that they were promoted most notably to administrative positions as a direct outcome of completing the EdD program, and the program was highly relevant to their professional practice. The graduates expressed high satisfaction with the EdD curriculum, faculty, and facilities, but were less satisfied with the adequacy of reading materials and the availability of ICT resources. Their greatest challenge involved managing their time amid the competing demands of graduate studies, employment, family responsibilities, and other social commitments. They recommended strengthening the program by adopting learning strategies, such as offering online courses, integrating flexible learning modalities, implementing authentic, outcomes-based activities, and updating the curriculum.

PANAGKARAS as Basis for the Development of a Creative Ilocano Occupational Dance

Maxie C. Tolentino — 2025-12-31

The Cacarsan Dance, derived from the Iloko term Panagkaras, is an occupational dance rooted in the traditional fishing practices of Sitio Cacarsan in the Municipality of Cabugao. This study investigated how the native occupation 4.of Panagkaras, including its materials, tools, and movement patterns, served as the basis for the development of a creative Ilokano dance called the Cacarsan Dance. Using a combination of developmental and descriptive research methods, data were gathered through interviews, observations, and a validated open-ended questionnaire administered to 20 participants. These methods were triangulated to ensure methodological rigor and strengthen the credibility of the findings. Results revealed that Panagkaras utilizes tools such as pails (timba), fishnets (sinanggaan and batbatea), fish traps (tabukal or glatting), and woven bamboo baskets (kuribot and samberao). Movement patterns, including bending, pulling fishnets, catching with hands, and swaying nets, were identified and translated into steps for the Cacarsan Dance. These findings demonstrate that indigenous occupational practices can be systematically translated into choreographic elements while maintaining cultural authenticity. The overall mean rating of 4.33 indicates a high level of expert acceptability, affirming the dance’s cultural relevance, artistic coherence, and instructional value.

Physical Fitness Program of the Uniformed PNP Personnel in Vigan City

Lar Angelo C. Viernes — 2025-12-31

Law enforcement is known to be one of the most challenging professions globally, in which officers must be physically and mentally fit to better serve and protect the communities they serve. This research study was conducted to evaluate the physical fitness program of the uniformed PNP personnel in Vigan City. This study provides localized, evidence-based insights that may guide the enhancement of police health and wellness programs at the station and regional levels. The research design was a descriptive correlational study with 151 uniformed personnel, including 127 males and 24 females, who were chosen to complete the validated questionnaire. The paper addressed demographic variables, such as age, years in service, BMI, and health condition, among the respondents, lifestyle choices, adherence to health and physical fitness, and identified the problems they have encountered with health and physical fitness. These findings indicated that the PNP staff is predominantly young, with no employees over 30 years old, a decent proportion of male employees (84.1%), and less than 10 years of service. The number of those who were overweight and obese (51.7%) was more than half. The majority of participants (71.5%) met the physical fitness standards, but even then, a significant proportion were unable to achieve optimal levels of fitness. An evaluation of lifestyle showed that officers are likely to eat fruits and vegetables and have high intentions to exercise, yet have poor sleep quality, poor hydration, and an unbalanced lifestyle. The obstacles to regular fitness activity were found to be hectic work schedules, a lack of fitness training centers, and limited access to nutritional education. Organized fitness and wellness programs focused on sustainable conditioning, healthy nutrition, and frequent monitoring should be introduced. The proposed programs are HIIT, yoga, and fitness challenges with an incentive package. Infrastructure and time-schedule issues will be critical to the development of a long-term orientation toward health, fitness, and work efficacy among PNP officers in Vigan City.